What is a Panic Attack?
By Mark DaCosta-A panic attack is a sudden and overwhelming experience of fear and anxiety that can strike without warning. It’s not just feeling nervous or worried — it’s a physical and mental assault that leaves individuals feeling helpless. According to the Mayo Clinic, a panic attack peaks within 10 minutes and can last up to 30 minutes, with symptoms that can mimic a heart attack or other serious medical conditions. Dr. John Greden, a leading psychiatrist, describes a panic attack as “the body’s alarm system going off without any real danger.”
Prevalence in Guyana
While panic attack disorder is recognised globally, it remains underreported and often misunderstood in Guyana. Mental health awareness is still growing in our nation, and many may not recognise the signs or know where to seek help. Globally, about 2-3 percent of the population experiences panic disorder, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In Guyana, these numbers could be similar, though exact data is lacking. Given the socio-economic pressures and high levels of stress in many communities, it’s likely that many Guyanese suffer in silence.
Signs and Symptoms
The signs of a panic attack are hard to miss but easy to misunderstand. Physically, an individual may experience a pounding heart, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, and chest pain. These symptoms can be so severe that they often send people rushing to the hospital, fearing a heart attack. Mentally, there’s an overwhelming fear of losing control, going mad, or dying. Dr. Karen Cassiday, an expert in anxiety disorders, notes, “The intense fear and physical symptoms can make people feel as if they are losing their minds, which only heightens the panic.”
In Guyana, where access to healthcare is sometimes limited, these symptoms can be even more frightening. The fear of not being able to access medical care quickly can exacerbate the anxiety, making the experience of a panic attack even more intense.
Causes
The causes of panic attack disorder are complex and multifaceted. Research suggests that a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and stress plays a significant role. For many Guyanese, the pressures of daily life — financial instability, unemployment, and social challenges — can act as triggers. Dr. Cassiday explains, “Stressful life events, such as the loss of a loved one, job insecurity, or chronic health problems, can push someone who is predisposed to panic attacks over the edge.”
In our context, cultural factors also play a role. The stigma associated with mental health issues in Guyana means that many people suffer in silence, fearing judgment from others. This can prevent individuals from seeking the help they need, further entrenching the disorder.
The Nervous System’s Role
Panic attacks are closely linked to the body’s fight-or-flight response, a natural mechanism designed to protect us from danger. When the brain perceives a threat, it triggers the release of adrenaline, preparing the body to either fight or flee. However, in panic disorder, this response is activated without any real danger, leading to the intense physical and psychological symptoms of a panic attack.
According to Dr. Cassiday, “The amygdala, a part of the brain involved in processing emotions, may be hyperactive in individuals with panic disorder, leading to an exaggerated response to stress.” In Guyana, where many people face chronic stress due to economic and social challenges, this overactive response can become a frequent and debilitating issue.
Diagnosing Panic Disorder
Diagnosing panic disorder in Guyana can be challenging, especially given the limited access to specialised mental health professionals. However, it’s crucial for those experiencing recurrent panic attacks to seek medical advice. A proper diagnosis typically involves a detailed medical history, a physical examination, and a psychological assessment to rule out other conditions. Dr. Greden stresses, “It’s important to distinguish panic disorder from other medical conditions, as the treatment approaches differ significantly.”
Treatment Options
The good news is that panic disorder is treatable, and many people recover with the right interventions. Treatment usually involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications can help manage symptoms, while cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is highly effective in addressing the underlying thought patterns that trigger panic attacks.
In Guyana, access to these treatments may be limited, but awareness is growing. Efforts to expand mental health services and reduce stigma are crucial. Dr. Cassiday points out, “Therapy helps individuals understand their condition and develop coping strategies, which can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of panic attacks.”
Prognosis and Seeking Help
With timely and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for panic disorder is generally positive. Many individuals can lead normal, productive lives after treatment. However, without help, panic disorder can lead to severe complications, including chronic anxiety, depression, and social isolation.
It’s vital that anyone in Guyana experiencing symptoms of panic disorder seeks medical attention. Dr. Greden advises, “Early intervention can prevent the condition from worsening and improve the quality of life for those affected.” In our country, where mental health resources are still developing, community support and increased awareness can make a significant difference.
Panic attack disorder is a serious but treatable condition. By understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatments, and by seeking help when needed, those affected can take steps toward recovery and a better quality of life. Guyanese experiencing such symptoms may seek help at the Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation which has professionals equipped to deal with the problem.
