(United Nations)- The International Court of Justice (ICJ) opened hearings on Monday October 6, 2025 to determine whether the right to strike is protected under international law – the first time the world’s top court has been asked to weigh in on the balance between workers’ rights and employers’ interests.
The case stems from a 2023 request by the Governing Body of the International Labour Organization (ILO), which asked the Court for an advisory opinion on whether the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87) includes the right to strike.
Adopted in the aftermath of World War Two, Convention 87 is a cornerstone of international labour law, guaranteeing workers and employers the right to form and join organizations of their choosing. It does not explicitly mention strikes, but advocates have long interpreted freedom of association to include that right.
ICJ President Yūji Iwasawa began last Monday’s proceedings by reading the formal question to the judges, referencing the ILO’s resolution and the Court’s procedural authority. He noted the “tripartite structure of the ILO, which is comprised of representatives of governments, employers and workers.”
A rare request
Tomi Kohiyama, ILO Legal Adviser, recalled that the ILO had not appeared before the ICJ in a consultative capacity since 1932, underscoring the rarity of such requests.
She said the ILO secretariat would not take a position on subject but would assist the Court by clarifying institutional context and interpretative approaches under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
“The participation of organisations of employers and workers … is without precedent in the history of your august institution,” she added, referring to the ILO’s tripartite nature.
Three voices of ILO
Founded in 1919, the ILO is unique within the UN system for its tripartite structure, bringing together representatives of governments, employers and workers to set international labour standards.
That balance, however, has sometimes led to deadlock – most notably in 2012, when employer groups challenged whether Conventions No. 87 and 98 recognise a right to strike.
