Tribute to H E. Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham, Esq. SC, O.E. aka the “KABAKA”, MAN for ALL SEASONS, a VISIONARY Servant LEADER by MENTEE Dr. Shamir Andrew Ally on the I02 nd BIRTH Anniversary, February 20, 2025. ( 20 Feb 1923- 6 August 1985).

BLESSED 102nd BIRTH Anniversary,  His Excellency Linden Forbes Sampson  Burnham, Esq. SC, O.E. aka the “KABAKA”, MAN for ALL SEASONS, and a VISIONARY Servant LEADER for ALL in Guyana.  REST in PEACE. MAY Your Soul reside in Heavenly Peace and Rise with the Angels. ALL  HE LFSB,  wanted was for EACH GUYANESE to OWN and CONTROL their OWN DESTINY. This remains a work in progress, with Almighty’s OIL Blessings to the Current and Future LEADERS.     

       

His Excellency, Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham. Winner of the Centenary Exhibition, Junior Scholarship, and the Percival Exhibition winning the highest scholastic award (1942), Winner of the Prestigious Cup in London (1947), Chairman of the People’s Progressive Party (1951), Founder Leader of the People’s National Congress (1955), this Guyanese VISIONARY, Man for ALL Seasons and SERVANT LEADER.

 

Forbes Burnham’s Educational Background:

Early Education, at St. Philip’s Primary School (Georgetown, Guyana) and Central High School* (Georgetown, Guyana). Central High was also MY ALMA MATER.

Tertiary Education, at the University of London (UK) – studied law and Lincoln’s Inn (London, UK) – completed his studies in law: Qualification, Barrister-at-Law (Lincoln’s Inn, London)

Burnham’s educational background laid the foundation for his future career in LAW, POLITICS, and LEADERSHIP.

 

Forbes Burnham’s NOTABLE AWARDS and HONORS:  awards and honors:

 National Awards

Order of Excellence(Guyana’s highest national award)

 International Awards

1. Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo(South Africa)
2. Order of the Liberator (Venezuela)

Other Honors

1. Honorary Doctorates,  from several universities, including the University of Guyana and the University of the West Indies.
2. Honorary Citizen, of several cities, including Georgetown, Guyana, and Port of Spain, Trinidad, and Tobago.

These AWARDS and HONORS  recognized Burnham’s contributions to Guyana’s development, his commitment to REGIONAL INTEGRATION, and his ROLE as a RESPECTED LEADER in the Caribbean and GLOBALLY.

Forbes Burnham’s HOBBIES  and INTERESTS: 

1. Sports: Burnham was a sports enthusiast, particularly enjoying cricket, football, and boxing.
2. Reading: He was an avid reader, with interests in history, philosophy, and literature.
3. Music: Burnham enjoyed music, particularly calypso and steel drum music.
4. Gardening: He was known to have a green thumb and enjoyed gardening in his spare time.
5. Cooking: Burnham was a skilled cook and enjoyed experimenting with new recipes.

Forbes Burnham’s love of horseback riding. Burnham was indeed an avid horseback rider and enjoyed riding as a form of relaxation and exercise. Here are some interesting facts about Burnham’s horseback riding:

1. Passion for HORSES: Burnham had a lifelong passion for horses and was known for his excellent horsemanship skills.
2. Riding at State House: He would often ride horses on the grounds of State House, the official residence of the President of Guyana.
3. Inspecting projects: Burnham would sometimes ride horses to inspect development projects and rural areas, allowing him to connect with ordinary Guyanese.
4. Symbol of leadership: Horseback riding was also a symbol of Burnham’s leadership and strength, reflecting his commitment to Guyana’s development and progress.
5. Burnham’s love of horseback riding reflects his adventurous spirit, his connection to the natural world, and his commitment to leading by example.

Forbes Burnham’s favorite ALCOHOLIC beverages, CIGARS and MUSIC.

1. Scotch whisky: He was particularly fond of scotch whisky, often enjoying a glass or two in the evenings.
2. Rum: As a Caribbean leader, Burnham also enjoyed rum, which was a popular spirit in Guyana.
3. Champagne: On special occasions, Burnham was known to indulge in champagne, often to celebrate momentous events or milestones.
4. Cigars: Burnham was often seen smoking cigars, a habit he maintained throughout his life.
5. Music: He enjoyed listening to classical music and calypso.

It is worth noting that Burnham’s drinking habits have been the subject of some controversy, with some critics accusing him of excessive drinking and others defending his moderate drinking as a social lubricant.

Forbes Burnham’s VISION, PLAN, and WORK for Guyana were centered around creating a unified, prosperous, and independent nation for all its citizens, regardless of their racial or ethnic background.

Burnham’s Vision: Burnham envisioned a Guyana where all six major ethnic groups (Amerindians, Afro-Guyanese, Indo-Guyanese, Chinese, Europeans, and Mixed Heritage) could live in harmony, equal opportunities, and shared prosperity.

Burnham’s Plan: To achieve this vision, Burnham implemented several policies and programs, including:

1. Nationalization/Acquisition of key industries: Burnham nationalized key sectors such as sugar, bauxite, and rice to reduce foreign control and increase state revenue.
2. Cooperative Republic: Burnham introduced the concept of a Cooperative Republic, aiming to promote economic cooperation, social equality, and collective ownership.
3. Land redistribution: Burnham implemented land redistribution programs to address historical inequalities and provide land ownership opportunities for all citizens.
4. Education and cultural development: Burnham emphasized education, cultural development, and the promotion of Guyanese arts, literature, and heritage.
5. Racial harmony and integration: Burnham encouraged racial harmony and integration through various initiatives, including the establishment of the Guyana National Service.

Burnham’s Work: During his tenure, Burnham worked tirelessly to:

1. Promote national unity: Burnham sought to foster a sense of national identity and unity among Guyana’s diverse population.
2. Develop the economy: Burnham implemented policies to diversify the economy, reduce dependence on foreign aid, and increase self-sufficiency.
3. Improve infrastructure: Burnham invested in infrastructure development, including roads, bridges, and public buildings.
4. Enhance social services: Burnham expanded social services, including healthcare, education, and housing, to improve living standards for all Guyanese.

While Burnham’s LEGACY is COMPLEX and MULTIFACETED , his VISION, PLAN, and WORK for Guyana were CENTERED around creating a more EQUITABLE, PROSPEROUS, and HARMONIOUS society for ALL ITS CITIZENS.

Quote from a Guyanese to the Bone, RON ALERT, FCIS, FCCA, residing in Maryland, USA. “ Professor I cannot wait to read the article on LFSB.  Please include his VISIONARY LEADERSHIP of Guyana as you know best.   As I get older,  I am appreciating him more. His ACCOMPLISHMENT and his LOVE of Guyana and its people, ALL the people.”

From MY experiences, The above QUOTE is true.  HE LFSB tirelessly worked for a Guyana for ALL with Vision, Team, Plan, Resources, Execution, Evaluation and LEADERSHIP.

With DUE RESPECT, from MY Experiences, I do believe that His Excellency Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham’s CONTROVERSIES, CRITICISMS and REGRETS were as follows. 

Controversies and Criticisms

1. Authoritarian rule: Burnham’s government was criticized for its authoritarian tendencies, suppression of opposition, and human rights abuses.
2.  Racial tensions: Burnham’s policies and actions were seen as exacerbating racial tensions between Indo-Guyanese (FOODS BANNING PERCEPTIONS) and Afro-Guyanese communities.
3. Economic mismanagement: Burnham’s economic policies, including nationalization and central planning, were criticized by WESTERN WORLD for leading to economic stagnation, decline and MARGINALIZATION.

Personal Regrets

1. Family life: Burnham’s family life suffered due to his intense focus on politics and governance.
2. Health issues: Burnham’s health issues, including high blood pressure and heart problems, may have been exacerbated by his stressful lifestyle and heavy smoking habits (Cuban Cigars).

LEGACY and IMPACT 

Despite these regrets and controversies, Burnham’s legacy continues to shape Guyana’s politics, economy, and society. His commitment to national self-determination, regional integration, and social justice remains an important part of Guyana’s history and identity.

Forbes Burnham, also known as Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham, authored several books on politics, economics, and Guyanese society. Here are some of his notable works:

1. A Destiny to Mould (1970) – a collection of speeches and writings on Guyana’s development and future.
2. The Case for Socialism (1970) – a booklet outlining Burnham’s socialist vision for Guyana.
3. Declaration of Sophia

These works provide insight into Burnham’s thoughts on POLITICS, ECONOMICS, and Guyana’s DEVELOPMENT, reflecting his commitment to SOCIALISM and NATIONAL-SELF DETERMINATION.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Burnham                                             

Whilst working in 1964 as Company Secretary/Accountant at Bookers Lithographic & Boxmakers Ltd, our Stock keeper HUGH WILSON TYRRELL was also the CHAIRMAN of the PNC RUIMVELDT GROUP, and introduced Shamir to Hon.  LFSB who became my MENTEE with the NICKNAME “DYNAMO,” from Hon. LFSB. Quote My Book, “ My Tenure as Guyana’s Ambassador in Kuwait,” page 55.

Once monthly with Hugh Tyrrell,  WE met His Excellency LFSB to talk about his ENGLAND “Oxonian Public Speaking,” in comparison with Shamir & Hugh’s GEORGETOWN Toastmasters Club, USA PUBLIC SPEAKING & PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURES. A Member of Toastmasters International, World Headquarters at SANTA ANA, California, USA, now Headquarters at Englewood, Colorado, USA with Our Patron was the Eminent Jurist Sir Donald Jackson.  

Shamir served as President of Georgetown Toastmasters Club, with weekly Mondays meetings at Tower Hotel, Main Street, Georgetown from 6 PM to 9 PM for Speech Training.  WE MET MONTHLY for Discussions & Advanced Training with The President of the GEORGETOWN TOASTMISTRESS CLUB, who was Attorney/Jurist Madam DESIREE PATRICIA BERNARD and PATRON Sir Donald Jackson.

“ JUSTICE Désirée Patricia Bernard, LAWYER, and JURIST, who GUYANA’S FIRST FEMALE JUDGE of the High Court in 1980 and Justice of Appeal of the Supreme Court in 1992. She was appointed Chief Justice of Guyana in 1996, Chancellor of the Judiciary of Guyana and the Caribbean in 2001 and a Judge of the Caribbean Court of Justice in 2005. In 2014, she was appointed to the Bermuda Court of Appeal.”

Whilst working with Bookers/Guyana Lithographic Ltd. 1964 to 1977,   HE LFSB requested Shamir to ALSO SERVED the Government of Guyana with the following appointments.  1977-1979 Shamir served as GENERAL MANAGER at GAFOORS Group of Companies. 1979 Migrated to the USA to pursue USA, BBA, MBA, and PhD. Degrees.                    

Have the EVIDENCE in a LETTER dated May 8, 1996, from His Excellency HUGH DESMOND HOYTE, Past President of GUYANA 1985-1992, Minority LEADER in the Parliament of Guyana, and LEADER of the PEOPLE’S NATIONAL CONGRESS, for the following items of MY services to Guyana, whilst employed at Guyana Lithographic.

1. 1. DEPUTY CHAIRMAN, Kuru Kuru Cooperative College, with CHAIRMAN HAROLD DAVIS, Bookers Sugar Estates/GuySuCo
   2. DIRECTOR, Guyana Co-Operative Insurance Services, with CHAIRMAN HAROLD WILKINSON, Secretary to the Treasury and YESU PERSAUD.
   3. DIRECTOR, Guyana National Lotteries, with CHAIRMAN LLOYD LUCKHOON then LEONARD ALLI, Chartered Accountant, JACK ALLI & SONS.

• During 1976 when the Guyana Government was ACQUIRING the BOOKER MCCONNEL SUGAR ESTATES and OTHER Booker Holdings in GUYANA, Dr. ALLY, SERVED on the FINANCIAL ADVISORY TEAM.

• Apart from the specific GOVERNMENT POSITIONS held by SHAMIR ALLY, he LED or was a MEMBER of SEVERAL DELEGATIONS on OVERSEAS Missions.

• In 1973 SHAMIR ALLY HEADED a MISSION to the Soviet Union, the OBJECTIVE of which was to STUDY the COOPERATIVE SYSTEM. The Government of Guyana was at that time promoting the FORMATION of COOPERATIVES, in the Country, hence the NAME of OUR Country, the CO-OPERATIVE Republic of Guyana. At That time GUYANA had NO EMBASSY in MOSCOW, and SHAMIR ALLY, was ASSIGNED the TASK of PURSUING CERTAIN DIPLOMATIC MATTERS with the SOVIET Authorities.

• In 1974 SHAMIR ALLY visited the UNITED KINGDOM under the SPONSORSHIP of the BRITISH FOREIGN and COMMONWEALTH OFFICE for the purpose of STUDYING, and HOLDING DISCUSSIONS with, various Co-Operative Organizations in the UNITED KINGDOM.

His Excellency Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham, also known as Forbes Burnham, served as the Prime Minister of Guyana from 1964 to 1980 and then as the President of Guyana from 1980 to 1985. 

LIST of 135 of his NOTABLE Accomplishments, DELIVERABLES and MEASURABLE Outcomes.

1. Nationalized/acquired key industries such as sugar, bauxite, and timber, which helped to increase government revenue and control over the economy.
2. Implemented policies to promote agricultural development, including the establishment of the Guyana Sugar Corporation and the expansion of rice production.

3.Invested in infrastructure development, including the construction of roads, bridges, and buildings.

4. FREE EDUCATION : Burnham’s government introduced free education for all Guyanese citizens, which helped to increase access to education and reduce poverty.
5. Invested in healthcare development, including the construction of hospitals and health centers.
6. Implemented policies to promote housing development, including the construction of low-cost housing units.
7. Burnham was a key player in the non-aligned movement, which aimed to promote cooperation and solidarity among developing countries.
8. Burnham was a strong advocate for Caribbean integration, and his government played a key role in the establishment of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).
9. Established diplomatic relations with several countries, including Cuba, China, and the Soviet Union.
10. Introduced a new constitution in 1980, which established Guyana as a Socialist Cooperative Republic.
11. Nationalization/Acquisition  of foreign-owned companies: Burnham’s government nationalized several foreign-owned companies, including the Demerara Bauxite Company and the Guyana Timber Company.
12. Promoted cultural development through the establishment of the Guyana National Cultural Centre and the promotion of Guyanese art, music, and literature.
13. Expanded and modernized the airport, which was renamed in honor of Cheddi Jagan in 1997.
14. Constructed a seawall to protect the city of Georgetown from flooding.
15. Invested in expanding and improving Guyana’s road network.
16. Established the University of Guyana in 1963.
17. Established the Guyana School of Nursing to train nursing professionals.
18. Expanded healthcare services, including the construction of new hospitals and health centers.
19. Promoted the cooperative movement, which aimed to empower citizens through collective ownership and decision-making.
20. Burnham’s government established NICIL to promote industrial and commercial development.
21. Burnham’s government established the Guyana National Cooperative Bank to provide financial services to cooperatives and small businesses.
22. Burnham’s government established the Guyana National Cultural Centre to promote Guyanese culture.

23.Hosted Carifesta, a regional cultural festival, in 1972.

24. Promoted Guyanese art and literature through various initiatives and programs.
25. Invested in hydropower development, including the construction of the Moco Moco hydropower station.
26. Expanded Guyana’s telecommunications network, including the introduction of direct dialing and international telephone services.
27. Expanded and modernized Guyana’s ports, including the Georgetown Harbour.
28. 28. Established the National Insurance Scheme to provide social security benefits to citizens.
29. Introduced a pension scheme for public servants.
30. Implemented programs to provide low-cost housing for citizens.
31. Promoted agricultural diversification, including the cultivation of new crops such as soybeans and citrus fruits.
32. Invested in mining development, including the expansion of gold and diamond mining.
33. Promoted manufacturing development, including the establishment of new industries such as textiles and food processing.
34. Burnham was a key player in the Non-Aligned Movement, which aimed to promote cooperation and solidarity among developing countries.

35.Burnham’s government played a key role in the establishment of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).

36. Established diplomatic relations with several countries, including China, Cuba, and the Soviet Union.
37. Invested in expanding and improving Guyana’s road network, including the construction of new roads and bridges.
38. Constructed several new bridges, including the Demerara Harbour Bridge and the Berbice River Bridge.
39. Expanded and modernized Guyana’s airports, including the Cheddi Jagan International Airport.
40. Established teacher training programs to improve education standards.
41. Expanded healthcare services, including the construction of new hospitals and health centers.
42. Introduced family planning programs to promote population control.
43. Promoted cooperative development, including the establishment of new cooperatives and credit unions.
44. Introduced programs to support small business development, including training and financing initiatives.
45. Introduced programs to promote women’s empowerment, including education and training initiatives.
46. Promoted cultural festivals, including the Guyana Festival and the Caribbean Festival of Arts (Carifesta).
47. Established the Guyana National Museum to promote Guyanese history and culture.
48. Introduced programs to promote arts and crafts development, including training and marketing initiatives.
49. Upgraded Guyana’s telecommunications infrastructure, including the introduction of digital switching systems.
50. Expanded Guyana’s water supply systems, including the construction of new water treatment plants.
51. Developed Guyana’s sewerage systems, including the construction of new sewerage treatment plants.
52. Implemented education reforms, including the introduction of a new curriculum and teacher training programs.
53. Modernized Guyana’s healthcare system, including the introduction of new medical equipment and training programs for healthcare professionals.
54. Burnham’s government expanded family planning services, including the introduction of new contraceptive methods and education
55. Burnham’s government established the Guyana Cooperative Bank to provide financial services to cooperatives and small businesses.
56. Introduced programs to provide financing to small businesses, including the establishment of the Guyana Small Business Finance Corporation.
57. Introduced programs to promote women’s economic empowerment, including training and financing initiatives.
58. Burnham played a key leadership role in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), including serving as Chairman of the Conference of Heads of Government.
59. Burnham participated in the Non-Aligned Movement, which aimed to promote cooperation and solidarity among developing countries.
60. Burnham’s government expanded Guyana’s diplomatic relations, including the establishment of new embassies and consulates.
61. Constructed the Port Kaituma airstrip to improve access to the region.
62. Constructed the Lethem airstrip to improve access to the Rupununi region.
63. Constructed the Kwakwani bridge to improve access to the Berbice River.
64. Burnham’s government expanded the University of Guyana, including the construction of new facilities and the introduction of innovative programs.
65. Introduced medical training programs, including the establishment of the Guyana Medical School.
66. Introduced nursing training programs, including the establishment of the Guyana School of Nursing.
67. Established the Cooperative Development Fund to provide financing to cooperatives.
68. Established the Small Business Development Fund to provide financing for small businesses.
69. Introduced programs to promote women’s economic empowerment, including training and financing initiatives.
70. Established the Guyana Festival to promote Guyanese culture.
71. Hosted Carifesta, a regional cultural festival.
72. Established the National Cultural Centre to promote Guyanese culture.
73. Implemented a road maintenance program to improve the condition of Guyana’s roads.
74. Constructed several new bridges, including the Demerara Harbour Bridge and the Berbice River Bridge.
75. Modernized Guyana’s airports, including the Cheddi Jagan International Airport.
76. Implemented education reforms, including the introduction of a new curriculum and teacher training programs.
77. Expanded Guyana’s healthcare system, including the construction of new hospitals and health centers.
78. Introduced family planning services, including the provision of contraceptives and family planning education.
79. Promoted cooperative development, including the establishment of new cooperatives and credit unions.
80. Introduced programs to support small business development, including training and financing initiatives.
81. Introduced programs to promote women’s economic empowerment, including training and financing initiatives.
82. Burnham played a key leadership role in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).
83. Burnham participated in the Non-Aligned Movement, which aimed to promote cooperation and solidarity among developing countries.
84. Expanded Guyana’s diplomatic relations, including the establishment of new embassies and consulates.
85. Burnham’s government developed Guyana’s hydroelectric power capacity, including the construction of the Moco Moco hydropower station.
86. Expanded Guyana’s telecommunications network, including the introduction of direct dialing and international telephone services.
87. Developed Guyana’s ports, including the construction of new port facilities and the expansion of existing ones.
88. Established teacher training colleges to improve teacher education and training.
89. Established nursing schools to train nursing professionals.
90. Expanded healthcare services, including the introduction of new medical services and the expansion of existing ones.
91. Established cooperative banking to provide financial services to cooperatives and small businesses.
92. Introduced programs to provide financing to small businesses, including the establishment of the Guyana Small Business Finance Corporation.
93. Introduced programs to promote women’s economic empowerment, including training and financing initiatives.
94. Burnham’s government promoted cultural festivals, including the Guyana Festival and Carifesta.
95. Established the National Cultural Centre to promote Guyanese culture.
96. Introduced programs to promote arts and crafts development, including training and marketing initiatives.
97. Promoted multiracialism and inclusivity, emphasizing the importance of unity among Guyana’s diverse ethnic groups.
98. Implemented policies aimed at empowering African and Indigenous Guyanese, who had historically been marginalized.
99. Promoted Guyanese culture, including African, Indian, and Indigenous traditions.
100. Critics argue that Burnham’s policies and rhetoric exacerbated racial polarization in Guyana, particularly between Africans and Indians.
101. Some argue that Burnham’s government favored African Guyanese over other ethnic groups, leading to resentment and tensions.
102. Burnham’s government was accused of suppressing Indian cultural identity and promoting a more African-centric national identity.
103. Burnham’s government was criticized for its handling of the 1968 racial violence, which resulted in the deaths of several Indians and Africans.
104. LEGACY: His Excellency Burnham’s legacy on race relations in Guyana remains contentious. While he promoted multiracialism and inclusivity, his policies and actions also contributed to racial polarization and tensions. Today, Guyana continues to grapple with the challenges of building a harmonious multiracial society.
105. The Guyana National Service (GNS) was a national service program established by Forbes Burnham’s government in 1973. The GNS aimed to promote national unity and integration among Guyana’s diverse ethnic groups. The programme focused on developing the skills and character of Guyanese youth.

The GNS contributed to national development through infrastructure projects, agricultural development, and community service. The GNS was compulsory for all Guyanese citizens aged 18-25. Recruits underwent military-style training and were then deployed to various parts of the country for community service and development projects. The GNS had a strict disciplinary code and hierarchical structure, with officers and non-commissioned officers overseeing recruits. The GNS helped promote national unity and integration among Guyana’s ethnic groups.

The program empowered Guyanese youth by providing them with skills, training, and experience. The GNS contributed to Guyana’s infrastructure development through projects such as road construction, bridge building, and agricultural development.

The GNS was criticized for its authoritarian structure, strict discipline, and alleged human rights abuses. The GNS was criticized for its authoritarian structure and strict discipline, which some saw as oppressive. There were allegations of human rights abuses within the GNS, including mistreatment of recruits and forced labor.

The GNS was criticized for lacking accountability and transparency, with some recruits alleging corruption and abuse of power. The GNS was disbanded in 1993, following Burnham’s death and the transition to a new government.

The GNS experience has informed reforms and lessons learned in Guyana’s development and youth empowerment initiatives. The GNS has a mixed legacy in Guyana, with some viewing it as a positive force for national unity and youth development, while others criticize its authoritarianism and human rights abuses.

106. Guyana Cooperative Bank was established in 1971 by Forbes Burnham’s government. The bank aimed to provide financial services to cooperatives, small businesses, and individuals. The bank offered loans, savings accounts, and other financial services.
107. Guyana Agricultural Bank was established in 1972 by Forbes Burnham’s government. The bank aimed to provide financial services to farmers, agricultural cooperatives, and rural communities. The bank offered loans, credit facilities, and other financial services to support agricultural development.
     
108. Guyana Cooperative Insurance Services ( Shamir SERVED as a DIRECTOR) was established in 1974 by Forbes Burnham’s government. The insurance company aimed to provide insurance services to cooperatives, small businesses, and individuals. The company offered life insurance, property insurance, and other insurance services.

109. Kuru Kuru Cooperative College ( Shamir served as DEPUTY CHAIRMAN) was established in 1976 by Forbes Burnham’s government. The college aimed to provide training and education in cooperative management, entrepreneurship, and community development. The college offered diploma and certificate programs in cooperative management, business management, and community development.

110. These institutions were part of Burnham’s efforts to PROMOTE COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT , economic empowerment, and social development in Guyana. While they had some successes, they also faced challenges and criticisms, including allegations of mismanagement and politicization.

111. Guyana National Lotteries: (Shamir served as a DIRECTOR) was established in 1969 by Forbes Burnham’s government. The lottery was created to raise revenue for national development projects, social programs, and charitable causes. The Guyana National Lotteries offered various games, including lotto, bingo, and scratch-off tickets. Lottery tickets were sold through a network of authorized retailers across Guyana. The lottery held regular draws, with prizes ranging from cash awards to cars and other valuable items.

The Guyana National Lotteries generated significant revenue for the government, which was used to fund various development projects. The lottery created jobs for Guyanese citizens, both directly and indirectly, through its operations and retail network. The lottery faced criticism and controversy over the years, including allegations of mismanagement, corruption, and uneven distribution of prizes. The Guyana National Lotteries continues to operate today, although it has undergone changes and reforms over the years. The lottery has modernized its operations, including the introduction of new games and online ticket sales. The lottery is regulated by the Guyana Gaming Authority, which ensures compliance with laws and regulations.

112. The Forbes Burnham’s government was actively involved in several international initiatives and movements, including: Anti-Apartheid and South Africa Liberation. Burnham’s government was a vocal opponent of apartheid in South Africa Guyana provided support to African liberation movements, including the African National Congress (ANC). Burnham’s government advocated for diplomatic isolation of South Africa, including boycotting South African goods and services.

113. Non-Alignment Movement; Guyana was an active participant in the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM), which aimed to promote cooperation among developing countries. Guyana hosted the 1972 NAM Conference, which brought together leaders from non-aligned countries. Burnham’s government adhered to the principles of non-alignment, including independence, sovereignty, and non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.

114. African Support and Solidarity, Burnham’s government was committed to Pan-Africanism, which emphasized African unity and solidarity. Guyana celebrated African Liberation Day, which commemorated the struggles of African people against colonialism and imperialism. Burnham’s government provided support to African countries, including technical assistance, economic aid, and diplomatic support.

115.  CARICOM and Regional Integration: Guyana was a founding member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which aimed to promote regional integration and cooperation. Burnham played a key leadership role in CARICOM, serving as Chairman of the Conference of Heads of Government. Burnham’s government worked to promote regional development, including the establishment of regional institutions and the implementation of regional projects.

116.  Carifesta was a regional cultural festival that celebrated Caribbean culture, arts, and traditions. Guyana hosted Carifesta in 1972, which brought together artists, musicians, and cultural practitioners from across the Caribbean. Burnham’s government saw Carifesta as an opportunity to promote Caribbean culture and unity, and to celebrate the region’s rich cultural heritage.

117. The Black Bush Polder is a significant agricultural development project in Guyana, initiated during Forbes Burnham’s government.  The primary objective of the Black Bush Polder project was to increase food production and achieve food security in Guyana. The project aimed to develop the agricultural sector in Guyana, particularly in the area of rice production. The project was expected to contribute to Guyana’s economic growth by generating employment, increasing income, and stimulating economic activity. The project involved the construction of a complex irrigation system, including canals, dams, and water control structures.

The project included land preparation, such as clearing, leveling, and drainage, to make the land suitable for farming. The project focused on rice cultivation, with the goal of increasing rice production and making Guyana self-sufficient in rice. The Black Bush Polder project contributed significantly to increased food production in Guyana, particularly in rice. The project generated employment, income, and economic activity, contributing to Guyana’s economic growth. The project helped to develop the agricultural sector in Guyana, particularly in the area of rice production. Overall, the Black Bush Polder project was a significant initiative aimed at promoting agricultural development, food security, and economic growth in Guyana.

118. The NATIONALIZATION/ACQUISITION OF ASSETS and acquisition of companies were significant economic policies implemented by Forbes Burnham’s government. 

               Nationalization/Acquisition of Booker Group

1. Booker Brothers, McConnell & Co. Ltd.: Booker Group was a British conglomerate with significant interests in Guyana, including sugar, rice, and trading.
2. Nationalization/Acquisition: In 1975, Burnham’s government nationalized the assets of Booker Group in Guyana, citing the need to control the country’s economy and resources.
3. Guyana Sugar Corporation (GUYSUCO): The nationalized sugar assets were merged with the Guyana Sugar Corporation (GUYSUCO), which became a state-owned entity.

119.  Nationalization/Acquisition of Sandbach Parker Group

1. Sandbach Parker & Co. Ltd.: Sandbach Parker Group was a British company with interests in Guyana, including timber, mining, and trading.
2. Nationalization: In 1975, Burnham’s government nationalized the assets of Sandbach Parker Group in Guyana, as part of its broader nationalization policy.
3. Guyana Timber Corporation: The nationalized timber assets were merged with the Guyana Timber Corporation, which became a state-owned entity.
4. Impact and Legacy The nationalization/acquisition of these companies gave the Guyanese government greater control over the country’s economy and resources. The nationalization policy was part of Burnham’s government’s broader strategy of state-led development, which aimed to promote economic growth and development through state ownership and control. The nationalization/acquisition policy faced challenges and criticisms, including allegations of mismanagement, corruption, and inefficiency.
5. Forbes Burnham’s government had complex and multifaceted relationships with various countries and regions. 

 USA

1. Burnham’s government initially had good relations with the USA, receiving economic and technical assistance.
2. Relations deteriorated due to Burnham’s nationalization policies, alleged human rights abuses, and Guyana’s increasing ties with socialist countries.

Cuba

1. Burnham’s government established strong ties with Cuba, receiving economic, technical, and military assistance.
2. Guyana and Cuba shared socialist ideals, and Burnham saw Cuba as a model for Guyana’s development.

Russia (USSR)

1. Guyana established diplomatic relations with the USSR in 1970.
2. The two countries cooperated in areas like trade, agriculture, and mining.
3. The USSR provided military assistance to Guyana, including training and equipment.

China

1. Guyana established diplomatic relations with China in 1972.
2. China provided economic assistance to Guyana, including loans and technical aid.
3. China helped develop Guyana’s infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and buildings.

Europe

1. Guyana maintained economic ties with European countries, particularly the UK, France, and the Netherlands.
2. European countries provided technical assistance to Guyana in areas like agriculture, healthcare, and education.

Middle East

1. Guyana established diplomatic relations with several Middle Eastern countries, including Libya, Iran, and Iraq.
2. Guyana cooperated with Middle Eastern countries in areas like trade, oil exploration, and infrastructure development.

Africa

1. Burnham’s government was committed to Pan-Africanism, promoting African unity and solidarity.
2. Guyana established diplomatic relations with several African countries, including Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania.
3. Guyana cooperated with African countries in areas like trade, agriculture, and infrastructure development.

Burnham’s government navigated complex international relationships, balancing ties with Western, Eastern, and non-aligned countries to promote Guyana’s development and interests.

120. Forbes Burnham’s relationship with the People’s Progressive Party (PPP) and the People’s National Congress (PNC) is complex and multifaceted. Early Years and the PPP Burnham was a founding member of the PPP, which was established in 1950. He served as the party’s leader from 1950 to 1955. In 1955, Burnham split from the PPP due to ideological differences with Cheddi Jagan, the party’s founder.

121. Formation of the PNC: PEOPLES NATIONAL CONGRESS: Burnham founded the PNC in 1957.  He served as the party’s leader from 1957 until his death in 1985. The PNC became a rival party to the PPP, with Burnham and Jagan engaging in a decade-long rivalry.

122. Elections and Governance: The PNC won the 1957 elections, and Burnham became the Chief Minister of British Guiana. The PNC won the 1964 elections, and Burnham became the Prime Minister of Guyana.1970s-1980s: Burnham’s PNC government dominated Guyanese politics, with Burnham serving as Prime Minister (1964-1980) and President (1980-1985).

123. Legacy and Impact: Burnham’s leadership and the PNC’s dominance shaped Guyanese politics for decades. The rivalry between the PNC and PPP contributed to racial polarization in Guyana, with the PNC drawing support from Afro-Guyanese and the PPP from Indo-Guyanese. Burnham’s government was criticized for authoritarianism, human rights abuses, and corruption.

124. Forbes Burnham and Dr. Cheddi Jagan played a significant role in shaping Guyana’s independence and development.

Independence and Republic Day: Burnham and Dr. Jagan were  key persons in Guyana’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Guyana gained independence on May 26, 1966, with Burnham as the country’s FIRST Prime Minister. Republic Day: On February 23, 1970, Guyana became a republic, with Burnham as the country’s FIRST President.

125. Burnham initiated the Mashramani celebrations, which commemorate Guyana’s independence and republicanism.

126. Roxanne Burnham Gardens: A housing project named after his daughter, Roxanne Burnham, which provided affordable housing for Guyanese citizens.

127. Linden Town: Burnham’s government invested in the development of Linden Town, a major mining town in Guyana.

128. University of Guyana: Burnham played a key role in establishing the University of Guyana, which has become a premier institution of higher learning in the country.

129. Queen’s College: Burnham’s government invested in the development of Queen’s College, a prestigious secondary school in Guyana.

130. Demerara River Bridge. The Demerara River Bridge, also known as the Demerara Harbour Bridge, was constructed in 1978 during Forbes Burnham’s government. The bridge spans the Demerara River, connecting the capital city Georgetown with the western part of the country. The bridge has facilitated trade, commerce, and transportation, contributing to Guyana’s economic development.

131. Berbice Bridge. The Berbice Bridge was constructed in 2008, connecting the counties of Berbice and Demerara. The bridge spans the Berbice River, improving transportation and communication between the two counties. The bridge has boosted economic activity, particularly in the agricultural and mining sectors.

132. Venezuela Border Issue. The border dispute between Guyana and Venezuela dates back to the 19th century, with Venezuela claiming a huge portion of Guyana’s territory. The disputed region, known as Essequibo, is rich in natural resources, including gold, diamonds, and timber.  In 1899, an international arbitration tribunal ruled in favor of Guyana, but Venezuela has continued to claim the territory. This ISSUE is currently with the International Court of Justice, HAGUE, Netherlands for a RULING DECISION.

133. Suriname Border Issue. The border dispute between Guyana and Suriname dates back to the colonial era, with both countries claiming a portion of the New River Triangle. The disputed region is a triangular area where the borders of Guyana, Suriname, and Brazil meet. In 2007, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of Guyana, but Suriname has continued to claim the territory.

 These Border Disputes have Significant Implications for Guyana’s Territorial Integrity, Economic Development, and Regional Relationships.

134. OVERALL: His Excellency Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham’s, VISION, PLAN and WORK, was for a Color-Blind Society, where ALL are treated with RESPECT and encouraged to reach EACH FULL POTENTIAL, with FREE EDUCATION as PIVOTAL for their HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.

 

 

 

HE President Arthur Raymond Chung’s SISTER, EMILY CHUNG, worked at GUYANA LITHOGRAPHIC ART DEPARTMENT, during Shamir Ally’s TENURE as Company Secretary/Accountant.

Onward & Upward towards, One People, One Nation, One Destiny.